Background: Environmental factors such as ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS influence the pain sensation.Objective: To investigate the possible analgesic effect of extremely LOW frequency ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (ELF-EMFs) exposure and possible interaction between ELF-EMFs and opioid, alpha and beta adrenergic systems.Methods: This was an experimental study in which the effect of 60 Hz magnetic field (100mT) on the pain threshold of 80 male albino mice was investigated. Pain threshold was assessed by the tail immersion technique using water with a temperature of 520C.Findings: The mean pain threshold was significantly increased in case group (5.85±0.69 sec) compared to control group (3.77±0.55 sec) folLOWing ELF-EMF exposure (p<0.0001). Pretreatment of animals with naloxane (2 mg/kg) and phentolamine (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the effect to (3.97 ± 0.7 sec and 4.01 ±0.49 sec), respectively (p<0.0001). There was no change in the value of mean pain threshold (5.77±0.68 sec) when propranolol (10 mg/kg) was administered (p<0.0001).Conclusion: Based on our data, exposure to ELF-EMFs could induce analgesic behavior in mice and the associated effect is related to opioid and alpha-adrenergic systems.

The ELECTROMAGNETIC frequencies that induced normally in human body, comprise from the action potentials of nerves, heart tissue and skeletal muscles, were categorized in the range of extremely LOW frequencies. With increase in developed devices that produced or induced ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS, human anxiety about effects of these FIELDS on normal or abnormal body cell proliferation was increased. Experiments provided on cells and tissues indicated that ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS at different strengths and frequencies had altered effects on cell proliferation and differentiation. Thus, this systematic review analyzed different findings and focused on extremely LOW frequency ELECTROMAGNETIC field effects on cell proliferation. The observations reinforced pulsed extremely LOW frequency ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS in frequencies between 15-60 Hz had more effects on cell proliferation and less effect on cell differentiation. This effect was related to multisession irradiation or cells long term exposure. Extremely LOW frequency ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS can use as a safe stimulator for cell proliferation and repair of tissue damages.

Background and objectives: During the last years the effects of pulsative ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS have been studied in the human and animals nervous system. The using of these FIELDS in today living has caused worriment in safety of human. Stress causes very problems in behavior and function of biological systems. In this survey the effects of ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS on stress behaviors of rats have been studied.Methods: In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS with 700 milli Gauss currency produced by triangle electrical currents with LOW (10 Hz) and high (110 kHz) frequencies on stress behaviors in 60 adult, male Wistar rats. The rats were divided to two groups of control and test. The animals were exposed to the field for 80 minutes and in order to evaluate the possible effect of ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS the Tail pinch (T.P.) test was conducted. The results were analyzed using statistical tests. Results: Analyzing of the results of response time and stress behavior by T-test. In the group exposed ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS of triangular LOW waves (10 Hz) for 80 min the results were meaningful (p<0.05). The response and stressed behavior with this field is decreased very much. The results of two groups after 80 min under this field that have a difference in frequency showed that effects of frequency in behavior was meaningless. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS produce anti-stress effect in rats. The radio waves (A.W) have higher effects.

Background-Pulsed ELECTROMAGNETIC field stimulators are used for promotion of healing in various conditions such as bone, cartilage and ligament injuries, but there are controversies about the use of these stimulators for skin wound healing. Objective-The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different pulse rates of pulsed ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (PEMF) on skin wound healing in rats. Methods-Forty-eight male Wistar rats were used in this study. After anaesthetizing and shaving, a paired full thickness incision wound (35 mm in length) was made on each side of the dorsal midline of the rats. The animals were divided into eight groups (n=6) namely control, sham and six treatment groups which were exposed to10, 20, 40, 50, 60, and 80 Hz pulse rates. Treatment groups were exposed to PEMF (4 mT) for 30 minutes twice a day for ten days after surgery. Wound healing was evaluated by measuring the maximum length, the surface area of the wounds and the healing fractions every two-days. The full contraction period of the wounds and the tensile strength of scars were also measured. Results-Results showed that: I -The absolute and normalized length of wounds in animals receiving PEMF (20 Hz) were significantly less than that of the sham (P<0.01). II -The wound healing duration in this group (12.7 days) was significantly shorter than that of the sham group (P<0.02). III - The wound tensile strength in this group was significantly greater than that of the sham group (P<0.01). Conclusion-We can conclude that PEMF with 20 Hz pulse rate is effective in promoting of wound healing.

Background: The effects of extremely LOW frequency ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (ELF-EMF) on Toxoplasma gondii have not been explained yet. The aim of this study was to assess the possible effects of ELF-EMF on growth, survival time and viability of Toxoplasma gondii. In addition, the life span of Toxoplasma infected animals was investigated.Methods: Sixty adult male BALB/c mice were used for in vivo and in vivo experiments in Laboratory of Biopyhsics and Parasitology of Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Turkey, in 2010. During in vivo experiments, pulsed and continuous EMFs were applied for 5 d to the infected mice. During in vivo experiments, pulsed and continuous EMF was applied to the tachyzoites within peritoneal exudates for 8 h/d at 4 oC and the tachyzoites were then injected to mice. In both experiments, the number of T. gondii in peritoneal exudates was counted and T. gondii protein bands patterns were investigated with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western Blotting.Results: Pulsed and continuous EMF exposure reduced the number of T. gondii tachyzoites in comparison to controls. However, no statistically significant differences were observed at the patterns of protein bands among the samples.Conclusion: EMF exposure induces a decrease in the number of T. gondii. Further studies are required to understand the mechanism of EMF on intracellular parasites.